CARBOTURA 01 / 14
Technical Overview · Feedstock Provider Briefing

Elemental recycling,
engineered as manufacturing.

Carbotura's Advanced Circular Manufacturing (ACM) platform refines end-of-life material streams into more than 100 refined industrial products — through primary elemental dissociation, not combustion, and not sorting.

Non-NDA Overview·Prepared for Feedstock Provider Leadership·August 2026

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CARBOTURA
02 / 14
The feedstock — seen as chemistry

What the industry classifies as MSW is a periodic-table inventory.

There is no special "waste element" on the periodic table. Just 16 elements account for over 99% of the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream by mass — and every industry classification is simply a different elemental recipe of the same table.

The 16 core elements — >99% of MSW by mass (EPA / ASTM characterization, dry basis)
C
Carbon
~48%
O
Oxygen
~25%
H
Hydrogen
~6.5%
Si
Silicon
~3%
Ca
Calcium
~3%
Al
Aluminum
~1.5%
N
Nitrogen
~1.5%
Fe
Iron
~1%
S
Sulfur
~0.5%
Cl
Chlorine
~0.5%
Na
Sodium
~0.5%
K
Potassium
~0.4%
Mg
Magnesium
~0.3%
P
Phosphorus
~0.3%
Ti
Titanium
~0.15%
Zn
Zinc
~0.1%
In one ton of the typical mixed MSW-classified stream (dry basis): ≈960 lbs carbon · 500 lbs oxygen · 130 lbs hydrogen · 60 lbs calcium · 60 lbs silicon · 30 lbs aluminum · 20 lbs iron — plus trace strategic metals and REEs.
Industry classifications — different recipes, same table (dominant elements, indicative)
MSW — residential collectionthe average of everything below
C ~48% · O ~25% · H ~6.5% · Si/Ca ~6% · metals & balance
Plastics & film packaginghydrocarbon-dense
C ~81% · H ~13% · O/Cl/additives balance — the richest carbon ore in the stream
Tires (TDM)engineered carbon + steel
C ~70% · steel belt Fe ~15% · H ~7% · S/Zn balance
C&D — construction debrismineral-dense
Si ~30% · Ca ~28% · O ~22% · Fe ~12% · C balance — the glass/mineral/aggregate feed
WEEE — end-of-life electronicsthe technology ore
Fe/Cu ~40% · Al ~22% · C (housings) ~23% · Si + REEs (Nd, Dy) & precious metals in the balance
Organics & biosolidsthe wet fraction
C ~47% · O ~35% · H ~7% · N/P/K balance — nutrient and water chemistry

Elemental data: EPA & ASTM MSW characterization (dry basis), Carbotura Intelligence Hub §12 — the full elemental reference →. Values indicative; composition varies by region and season.

CARBOTURA
03 / 14
The feedstock map

Where the feedstock comes from.

Everything manufactured begins as six raw-material families. At end of life those products become the waste-classified streams your community manages today — and every one of them is accepted ACM feedstock, sorted or unsorted.

THE FORWARD DIRECTION · RAW MATERIAL FAMILIES → PRODUCTS → END-OF-LIFE STREAMS → ACM FEEDSTOCK RAW MATERIAL FAMILIES the same six families ACM returns MANUFACTURED GOODS END-OF-LIFE STREAMS waste-classified ACM FEEDSTOCK Water Industrial Gases Carbon / Hydrocarbons Metals & REEs Silica / Glass / Minerals Aromatics / Petrochemicals Electronics & appliances Vehicles & machinery Packaging & consumer goods Buildings & infrastructure Textiles & furnishings Chemicals & energy products Municipal collection · C&I streams WEEE · end-of-life electronics ASR · end-of-life vehicles C&D · construction debris Tires (TDM) · rubber Plastics · packaging film Textiles · apparel Industrial residues & sludges ACM Feedstock Recyclotron™ gate every stream accepted sorted or unsorted manufactured into products end-of-life discarded ACM runs this map in REVERSE — every end-of-life stream returns to the six raw-material families Forward manufacturing ends in landfill. ACM closes the loop — six refining lines, five valorization grades (the matrix on the refining-families slide).
CARBOTURA
04 / 14
Advanced Circular Manufacturing

Not incineration. Not sorting. Elemental recycling.

ACM treats every incoming stream as a periodic-table inventory. The process performs primary elemental dissociation — no polymer or molecule survives — and refined products are synthesized from the recovered elemental constituents.

What it is
  • A manufacturing platform — feedstock in, refined industrial products out
  • Primary elemental dissociation — materials are taken to their elemental constituents, then rebuilt as products
  • Closed, non-oxidative processing — no combustion chemistry anywhere in the train
  • Self-powering, Island-Mode facilities — grid-independent operation
The four Protocols
  • Pregenesis™ — feedstock reception and preconditioning
  • Regenesis™ — the core dissociation train; the Recyclotron™ reactor is a module within it
  • Regenesis MAX™ — separation and refining of both output streams into finished products
  • Exogenesis™ — legacy-deposit remediation (optional add-on)
What it is not
  • Not incineration — an active nitrogen purge and vacuum keep the vessel absolutely oxygen-free
  • Not waste-to-energy — Carbotura sells refined materials, not power, electricity, or fuel
  • Not a sorting plant — heterogeneous, unsegregated streams are accepted directly
CARBOTURA
05 / 14
The physics — why microwave is different

Three ways to put energy into material.

Pyrolysis heats a vessel to heat what's inside it. Waste-to-energy burns the material itself to raise steam. Carbotura does neither — microwave energy couples directly into the material, heating it from the inside out while the vessel itself is never heated.

Pyrolysis — outside-in HOT WALL cool, slow core fired from outside — heat conducts inward
  • Heat path: wall → inward, by conduction — slow and uneven
  • The trade: many designs burn feed or syngas to fire the vessel — spending product to make heat
  • Result: temperature gradients drive tar formation and inconsistent output
Waste-to-energy — combustion MATERIAL = FUEL BOILER steam → turbine materials oxidize away — ash remains
  • Heat path: the material is the fuel — full oxidation to raise steam
  • The trade: every material's value is destroyed for one product: heat
  • Result: combustion byproducts, ash, and nothing left to refine
Microwave (MCR) — inside-out 433/915 MHz HOT CORE cool wall N₂ + vacuum · zero oxygen present energy couples into the material — never the vessel
  • Heat path: volumetric — the material heats from within, instantly and uniformly
  • The trade: none — energy goes into bond scission, not into heating steel or making flue gas
  • Result: nothing oxidizes; every element survives to be recovered and refined
Energy efficiency — how much reaches the material
Pyrolysis
~50–60%
Waste-to-energy
~20–25%
Microwave (MCR)
~80–90%+

Typical ranges from process-engineering and industrial-microwave literature — pyrolysis loses energy to vessel/wall conduction losses (and, in autothermal designs, to burning product just to fire the vessel); waste-to-energy's figure is the well-documented net electrical efficiency of a combustion-boiler-turbine cycle after thermodynamic (Carnot) losses. Microwave's advantage is mechanistic, not incremental: energy couples directly into the material itself rather than through an intermediate vessel-heating or combustion step.

CARBOTURA
06 / 14
Microwave Catalytic Reformation

Inside the Recyclotron™ — the MCR module.

A closed, non-oxidative, vertical thermochemical synthesis and refining vessel. Highly heterogeneous, unsegregated feedstock becomes a standardized internal intermediate (OmniCrude™); final commodity finishing and ISO/ASTM certification happen in downstream separation modules.

433 / 915 MHzApplied energy spectrumIndustrial microwave power at 433 MHz or 915 MHz.
100–800 kWPower scalingOperating envelope with a 600 kW standard applied-energy basis.
75% + 25%Processing inputContinuous feed: 75% preconditioned feedstock, 25% recycled process media.
≤ 650 °CThermal governanceMaximum operating limit prevents vitrification of solid matrices.

Atmospheric boundary control

An active nitrogen purge and vacuum system maintain an absolutely non-oxidative environment — no oxygen means no combustion chemistry and no combustion byproducts, by physics rather than by after-treatment.

Volumetric processing

Microwave coupling heats the material volumetrically — from within the mass itself — rather than from the vessel walls. That is what allows highly mixed, multi-layered feedstock to be processed without upfront mechanical sorting or pre-drying.

TOP FEED & INITIAL CONVERSION FREEBOARD VAPOR CONDITIONING MICROWAVE-ASSISTED FLUIDIZED BED & DISCHARGE 75% preconditioned feedstock + 25% process media (recycled MCR ash) 433 / 915 MHz 100–800 kW applied, 600 kW standard basis Steam injection OmniCrude™ Vapor — condensable phase to downstream refining ← Rapid dissociation ← Devolatilization ← Vapor conditioning ← Entrained fines ← Solids polishing ← N₂ purge / vacuum closed non-oxidative boundary Retained bed inventory / net discharged solids Carbotura Recyclotron™
CARBOTURA
07 / 14
Reactor architecture

Three zones, one continuous vertical vessel.

Feedstock enters at the top with recycled process media; two output streams leave — OmniCrude™ Vapor from the top, and managed metal / mineral solids from the bottom. Both are internal intermediates, never sold as-is.

▲ OmniCrude™ Vapor out (top)·internal intermediate → downstream refining
1

Top feed & initial conversion

Incoming material meets an intense microwave-coupled zone. Instantaneous volumetric heating drives rapid bond scission and devolatilization — the start of elemental dissociation.

2

Freeboard vapor conditioning

Rising reactive gases and aerosols get an optimized short residence time. Continuous interaction with suspended mineral fines accelerates vapor simplification and suppresses tar formation catalytically.

3

Fluidized bed & solids discharge

Bottom-injected steam drives fluidization and reactive stripping of residual char. Unreacted minerals and unaltered elemental metals discharge continuously through a controlled physical boundary.

▼ Managed metal / mineral discharge (bottom)·unoxidized solids → separation & refining
CARBOTURA
08 / 14
The working chemistry

Process media do four jobs at once.

A quarter of the continuous feed is recycled process media — not filler, but the working chemistry of the vessel.

Microwave-coupled reagent

Recycled process media acts as a high-efficiency dielectric susceptor — maximizing microwave coupling and distributing heat uniformly across a heterogeneous solids matrix.

Catalytic surface

Residual mineral oxides in the media drive reformative conditioning of hydrocarbon vapors — simplifying reactive species in-flight rather than letting heavy organics form.

Steam as stripping reactant

Bottom-injected steam enhances gas–solids contact and directly converts residual carbon fractions in the lower bed.

Nitrogen as isolation barrier

The nitrogen environment prevents oxidation entirely — eliminating the formation of combustion byproducts rather than capturing them afterward.

CARBOTURA
09 / 14
What comes out

Three product streams from one vessel.

1 · Chemical building blocks
  • BTX aromatics — precise thermal and pressure profiles isolate high-purity benzene, toluene, and xylene fractions
  • Clean, predictable species — volumetric energy transfer prevents secondary recombination, bypassing heavy-tar formation
  • High-purity hydrogen is released from aliphatic C–H cleavage — and consumed internally as Island-Mode process energy. Hydrogen is never sold; it is how the facility powers itself
2 · Structural materials
  • Engineered carbon — recovered solid carbon upgraded to activated carbons, thermal black, synthetic graphite, and graphene structures
  • Unoxidized metals — aluminum, copper, and steel do not couple destructively with the microwave field; they exit structurally intact, ready for secondary smelting
  • Clean mineral aggregates — glass and mineral fractions pass through under 650 °C unaltered, never vitrified
3 · Strategic elements
  • REE concentration — organic layers are stripped from micro-components and electronic scrap, concentrating neodymium, dysprosium, and other rare earths in the solid matrix
  • Selective phase activation — targeted wavelengths weaken composite bonds around embedded technological metals
  • Classification-ready output — isolated heavy elements feed automated magnetic, density, and eddy-current sorting
CARBOTURA
10 / 14
The refining families

Six refining lines × five valorization grades.

Downstream of the reactor, Regenesis MAX™ refining lines separate and refine the recovered elements into finished product classes — over 100 refined products across the RevCon™ Materials catalog.

REVERSE VERTICAL INTEGRATION · ONE FEEDSTOCK → 30 REFINED PRODUCT CLASSES (6 REFINING LINES × 5 VALORIZATION GRADES) Feedstock stream in municipal · C&I · plastics · tires · WEEE · biomass ACM Recyclotron™ + CRU + Regenesis MAX™ RC1 commodity RC2 industrial RC3 purified RC4 high-value specialty RC5 ultra-pure / pharma Water MAX refining line Potable Industrial-DI Softened / distilled Semiconductor 18MΩ Pharma-WFI Gas MAX refining line Industrial N₂ CO/CH₄ syngas Liquefied CO₂ High-purity gases Ultra-pure specialty Carbon MAX refining line Activated C Thermal black Synthetic graphite CNT / graphene Fullerenes / diamond Metal MAX refining line EAF billet steel Hydromet non-ferr Alloy stock REE concentrates Precious metals Glass MAX refining line Container-grade Fiberglass Borosilicate Semiconductor Ultra-pure optical Aromatics MAX refining line BTX Heavy aromatics Refined solvents Specialty chemicals Pharma intermediates 6 refining lines × 5 valorization grades = 30 refined product classes from one heterogeneous feedstock stream
CARBOTURA
11 / 14
Value conversion — the revenue inversion

What one ton is worth.

Every legacy option balances its books with public money — gate fees, tax levies, energy credits. None creates a value-added margin from the material itself. ACM converts the same ton into refined manufactured products and pays the community a royalty on it.

Subsidized cost / tonGHG / tonWhat the ton becomesValue-added margin
Landfilling $62/ton U.S. average (2024, +10% YoY; $40–$90 regional) + perpetual closure liability ~0.85 tCO₂e — methane-driven; landfills are a top-3 U.S. methane source Buried permanently — zero recovery None — fee-subsidized
Composting Processing costs, publicly borne; organics only (10–15% of the stream) Low direct — but scope-limited; the other 85% of the stream still emits elsewhere Commodity soil amendment, $30–$100/ton None — cost-subsidized
Anaerobic digestion Processing costs, credit-dependent economics; organics only Low with gas capture — fugitive methane and digestate disposal remain Biogas (credit-dependent) + digestate needing disposal None — credit-subsidized
Recycling (MRF) ~$112/ton single-stream processing (surveyed) + reject disposal — pays twice; ~30% effective Low direct — but ~70% of sorted tons still landfill or combust, carrying those emissions Downcycled commodity bales, degraded each cycle None — fee-subsidized
Waste-to-energy $75–$85/ton gate fees (legacy average), rate-supported power sales ~1 tCO₂e combusted per input ton (~0.4 t fossil-derived) + NOₓ/SOₓ/dioxin controls Commodity electricity (volatile) + ~25% bottom ash to landfill None — fee & rate-subsidized
ACM None — zero public capex; Carbotura pays for feedstock. Community earns Circular Royalty™, $112/ton 30-yr average (indicative) Near-zero by design — no combustion; carbon leaves as product (graphite, carbon black), not as CO₂ 100+ refined RevCon™ Materials, RC1–RC5 — up to $1M+/ton at RC5 Manufacturing margin — unsubsidized

Cost figures: published U.S. tipping-fee and MRF processing analyses (2024) + the published ACM comparisons. GHG figures: published U.S. waste-sector inventories (indicative per-ton basis). All figures indicative — not an offer; commercial terms are set under a Circular Supply Agreement (CSA).

CARBOTURA
12 / 14
Deployment model — EPC vs DFM

This is not an EPC project. It's a manufactured product.

Carbotura does not operate under an Engineer-Procure-Construct model. ACM Modular Production Units are manufactured products under Design for Manufacturability (DFM) — built to a locked production specification (multiphysics simulation as the a priori spec, 2.5% manufacturing tolerance), replicated for capacity. In EPC every risk runs live at once; in ACM each is retired before the next begins.

VS EPC MODEL — RISKS STACKED SIMULTANEOUSLY ACM MODEL — SEQUENTIAL RISK RETIREMENT LAYER 1 · TECHNICAL RISKS Technology Risk — LIVE ENTIRE PROGRAM Engineering Risk — LIVE ENTIRE PROGRAM Procurement & Supply Risk — LIVE Construction & Field Fabrication Risk — LIVE Commissioning Risk — LIVE Operational Risk — UNMANAGED ALL LIVE AT ONCE COD — Month 42–78 Technology RETIRED Engineering + FMEA RETIRED DFM + Factory Manufacturing RETIRED FAT — Pre-verified RETIRED · Factory Acceptance Test Site Acceptance RETIRED · Verification Protocol Operational — Managed live via CAFI Digital Triplet COD — Month 6–20 (from inventory / queue) LAYER 2 · INSURANCE BURDEN FULL WRAP — ENTIRE PROGRAM DURATION Builder's Risk  ·  Professional Indemnity  ·  Performance Bond  ·  DSU All categories running simultaneously — full program duration COVERAGE DIMINISHES AS EACH RISK IS RETIRED → Design PI Only minimal Factory Factory BR Transit + Install ASI Guarantee + Warranty Only LAYER 3 · BUSINESS PERFORMANCE CERTAINTY PERFORMANCE UNKNOWN UNTIL COD No pre-deployment test possible · DSU insurance required Commissioning is first proof of performance at commercial scale PERFORMANCE VALIDATED BEFORE DEPLOYMENT FAT confirms design spec · DFM compliance proven in factory ASI performance guarantee active from Day 1 of commercial operations RISK MANAGED CONTRACTUALLY — NEVER ELIMINATED EACH RISK RETIRED · INSURANCE ELIMINATED · PERFORMANCE GUARANTEED

For a feedstock provider: the facility arrives as a manufactured, integrated product on a manufacturing schedule — not a construction project whose risk you share. Read the full EPC vs DFM primer →

CARBOTURA
13 / 14
Mass balance discipline

Every ton is accounted for.

~100%
Converted to manufactured outputs
Essentially the entire input stream becomes manufactured product — near-zero residual.
~90% / ~10%
Sold / used internally
Roughly 90% of output mass is sold as RevCon™ Materials; ~10% powers the facility itself (Island-Mode, self-powering).
90%
Volume reduction
Bulk raw feedstock is reduced ~90% by volume on its way to dense, refined commodities.

No upfront sorting or pre-drying

Total volumetric processing eliminates the capital-intensive front end that conventional approaches require — complex, multi-layered feedstock is accepted as delivered.

Strict mass-transfer accounting

System boundaries track the full conversion split between top-exiting vapor fractions and bottom-discharged solids — the same accounting discipline the facility's mass-balance reporting is built on.

CARBOTURA
14 / 14
The partnership

What this means for a feedstock provider.

You supply the feedstock

Your community's end-of-life streams become manufacturing feedstock under a Circular Supply Agreement (CSA) — a long-term supply relationship, not a disposal contract.

Carbotura builds, owns, operates

Under the BOO model Carbotura bears 100% of the capital cost, technology risk, construction risk, and operating risk. The provider has no capital obligation.

A manufacturing facility

The facility operates as manufacturing infrastructure — refined RevCon™ Materials leave by rail and truck as commercial products, the same way any factory ships goods.

Carbotura, Inc. · Technical figures are design-basis values for the ACM Modular Production Unit · Non-NDA overview — the assessment pages above are access-controlled